Reading Fluency Strategies

These strategies are just part of a comprehensive list of different reading strategies, found here [link].

Definition:The ability to read easily and well.  Fluency has three dimensions:

• Accuracy in word decoding: reader must be able to sound out words (using phonics and other word decoding strategies) in text with few errors.
• Automatic processing: This is when the reader uses as little mental effort as possible in the decoding of text, saving mental energy for comprehension.
•  Prosody or Prosodic reading: Prosody is a linguistic concept that refers to such features in oral language as intonation, pitch, stress, pauses, and the duration placed on specific syllables.

Common Core State Standard: CCSS.ELA-Literacy.RF.2.4 Read with sufficient accuracy and fluency to support comprehension.

Strategies to build fluency (taken and adapted from Reading and Learning to Read [2012]):

• Repeated Readings: “Oral repeated readings provide additional sensory reinforcement for the reader, allowing him or her to focus on the prosodic elements of reading that are essential to phrasing.  Oral readings also ensure that the student is actually reading, not skimming or scanning the text” (Rasinski, 2003).

• Automated Reading: Listening while reading a text (simultaneous listening and reading [SLR]).  Procedure as follows:
• Student listen individually to recorded stories, simultaneously following along with the written text.  They read and listen repeatedly to the same story until they can read the story fluently.
• When students first begin this method, it may take as long as a month before they are able to read a fairly long story aloud fluently.  As they become more proficient with SLR, the time can be reduced by as much as half (Chomsky [1976]).
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Tips for parents:

• Exposure to Texts: Expose students to as much reading as possible, whether it be their independent reading, or Parent-Child reading time. 
• Reread familiar texts.  Read reading favorite books helps children become fluent. 
• Echo-Read:  Echo reading is a rereading strategy designed to help students develop expressive, fluent reading.  The parent reads a short segment of text (sentence or phrase), and the student echoes back the same sentence or phrase while following along in the text. 
• Use predictable books: To build fluency, parents should read books with children that have predictable, rhythmic patterns so the child can “hear” the sound of fluent reading as he or she reads the book aloud.

Strategies adapted from:

      Vacca, J. A. L., R. T. Vacca, M. K. Gove, L. C. Burkey, L. A. Lenhart, and C. A. McKeon. Reading and learning to read. 8th. 8th. Boston, MA: Allyn , 2012. Print.

Learning Targets for 2nd Grade Mathematics

       A pivotal step toward success in school (or really anything) is a firm grasp on the expectations of what is to be learned.  Thanks to the nearly universal adoption of the Common Core State Standards (Forty-Five states so far), there is a unified set of expectations that were designed to build upon each other all throughout one's educational career. 

       Below are the standards that guide instruction, assessment, and the progression of math all the way through high school.

   

 (Derived from the Common Core State Standards)

Operations and Algebraic Thinking

• Add and subtract within 20.
• Represent and solve problems involving addition and subtraction.
• Work with equal groups of objects to gain foundations for multiplication.

    Number and Operations in Base Ten

• Understand place value.
• Use place value understanding and properties of operations to add and subtract.

    Measurement and Data

• Measure and estimate lengths in standard units.
• Relate addition and subtraction to length.
• Work with time and money.
• Represent and interpret data.

    Geometry

• Reason with shapes and their attributes.

    Mathematical Practices

1. Make sense of problems and persevere in solving them.
2. Reason abstractly and quantitatively.
3. Construct viable arguments and critique the reasoning of others.
4. Model with mathematics.
5. Use appropriate tools strategically.
6. Attend to precision.
7. Look for and make use of structure.
8. Look for and express regularity in repeated reasoning.